Speech Synthesis:
Glides and Liquids

Introduction

This page discusses glides and liquids, which together make up the group of sounds known to phoneticists as approximants. Various sources point out that while sounds in this group are produced like vowels, they function mostly like consonants. For more background on approximants, see the second half of James Kirby's PowerPoint, “Nasals, approximants, rhotics, and laterals”.

IPA Description Source Examples F1F2F3 Comments
w labial glide Klatt 2906102150 The source amplitude … should be about 10 dB less than in the vowel.
Cox 250-450600-8502000-2400 Very short steady state component. 30 msec is sufficient.
j palatal glide Klatt 26020703020 The source amplitude … should be about 10 dB less than in the vowel.
Cox huge, opulent, senior; German ja 200-3001850-21002620-3050
ɹ rhotic liquid Klatt 31010601380 The source amplitude … should be about 10 dB less than in the vowel.
Cox screw 300-3501000-12001600-1750 ɹ has a steady state component of at least 50 msec up to about 300 msec possible
ɚ rhotacized schwa Wikipedia better 41415161800
ɝ Wikipedia turkey 56518191800
ɑɹ Wikipedia start, car 73512781800
ɔɹ Wikipedia north, war 5659151800
l lateral approximant Klatt 31010502880 The source amplitude … should be about 10 dB less than in the vowel.
clear l Cox wealth 200-400950-15002700-3200 l has a steady state component of 50 to 60 msec. Longer duration produces the effect of syllabicity. Best transition durations about 60 to 70 msec For F2 and F3
dark l Cox already 350-550650-8502200-2700 l has a steady state component of 50 to 60 msec. Longer duration produces the effect of syllabicity. Best transition durations about 60 to 70 msec For F2 and F3

Table 3: Formants for liquid consonants, drawn from Klatt “Software for a cascade/parallel formant synthesizer”, from Felicity Cox The Acoustic Characteristics of Approximant Consonants and from the Wikipedia entry for R-colored vowel.
orch /Users/charlesames/Scratch/SpeechOrch.xml
set rate 44100
set bits 16
set norm 1
name Daisy3

// Dai-
ramp 1 2 0.00 2.98 293.7 293.7 // D4
ramp 1 2 2.98 0.02 293.7 246.9 // D4-B3
ramp 1 1 0.00 0.20 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 0.00 0.20 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 0.00 0.20 2065 2065 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 0.00 0.20 2570 2570 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 0.20 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 0.20 0.30 414 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 0.20 0.30 2065 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 0.20 0.30 2570 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 0.50 2.50 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 0.50 2.50 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 0.50 2.50 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 0.50 2.50 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 1 1 101 0 0.00 3.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -sy,
ramp 1 2 3.00 3.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 3.00 2.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 3.00 2.00 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 3.00 2.00 2208 2208 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 3.00 2.00 3079 3079 // Formant 3
note 2 1 101 1 3.00 2.00 1 0 // Buzz1
note 3 1 119 0 0.00 5.00 0.1 // RMS1
note 4 1 121 0 0.00 5.00 // Mouth1
note 5 1 199 0 0.00 5.00 // Rebalance1

// (rest)
ramp 1 1 5.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 5.00 1.00 277 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 5.00 1.00 2208 2065 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 5.00 1.00 3079 2570 // Formant 3

// Dai-
ramp 1 2 6.00 2.98 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 2 8.98 0.02 196 146.8 // G3-D3
ramp 1 1 6.00 0.20 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 6.00 0.20 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 6.00 0.20 2065 2065 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 6.00 0.20 2570 2570 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 6.20 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 6.20 0.30 414 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 6.20 0.30 2065 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 6.20 0.30 2570 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 6.50 2.50 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 6.50 2.50 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 6.50 2.50 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 6.50 2.50 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 6 1 101 0 6.00 3.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -sy.
ramp 1 2 9.00 3.00 146.8 146.8 // D3
ramp 1 1 9.00 2.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 9.00 2.00 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 9.00 2.00 2208 2208 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 9.00 2.00 3079 3079 // Formant 3
note 7 1 101 6 9.00 2.00 1 0 // Buzz1
note 8 1 119 0 6.00 5.00 0.1 // RMS1
note 9 1 121 0 6.00 5.00 // Mouth1
note 10 1 199 0 6.00 5.00 // Rebalance1

// (rest)
ramp 1 1 11.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 11.00 1.00 277 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 11.00 1.00 2208 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 11.00 1.00 3079 2660 // Formant 3

// Give
ramp 1 2 12.00 1.00 164.8 164.8 // E3
ramp 1 1 12.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 12.00 1.00 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 12.00 1.00 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 12.00 1.00 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 11 1 101 0 12.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 12 1 119 0 12.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 13 1 121 0 12.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 14 1 199 0 12.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// me
ramp 1 2 13.00 1.00 185 185 // F#3
ramp 1 1 13.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 13.00 1.00 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 13.00 1.00 2208 2208 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 13.00 1.00 3079 3079 // Formant 3
note 15 1 101 0 13.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 16 1 119 0 13.00 0.90 // RMS1
note 17 1 121 0 13.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 18 1 199 0 13.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// your
ramp 1 2 14.00 1.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 14.00 0.05 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 14.00 0.05 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 14.00 0.05 2000 2000 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 14.00 0.05 3079 3079 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 14.05 0.15 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 14.05 0.15 277 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 14.05 0.15 2000 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 14.05 0.15 3079 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 14.20 0.15 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 14.20 0.15 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 14.20 0.15 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 14.20 0.15 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 14.35 0.15 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 14.35 0.15 414 565 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 14.35 0.15 1516 915 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 14.35 0.15 2500 1800 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 14.50 0.50 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 14.50 0.50 565 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 14.50 0.50 915 915 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 14.50 0.50 1800 1800 // Formant 3
note 19 1 101 0 14.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 20 1 119 0 14.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 21 1 121 0 14.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 22 1 199 0 14.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// an-
ramp 1 2 15.00 1.98 164.8 164.8 // E3
ramp 1 2 16.98 0.02 164.8 196 // E3-G3
ramp 1 1 15.00 1.95 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 15.00 1.95 648 648 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 15.00 1.95 1712 1712 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 15.00 1.95 2490 2490 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 16.95 0.05 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 16.95 0.05 648 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 16.95 0.05 1712 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 16.95 0.05 2490 1800 // Formant 3
note 23 1 101 0 15.00 2.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -swer
ramp 1 2 17.00 1.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 17.00 1.00 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 17.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 17.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 17.00 1.00 1800 1800 // Formant 3
note 24 1 101 23 17.00 0.90 1 0 // Buzz1
note 25 1 119 0 15.00 2.90 // RMS1
note 26 1 121 0 15.00 2.90 // Mouth1
note 27 1 199 0 15.00 2.90 // Rebalance1

// do.
ramp 1 2 18.00 6.00 146.8 146.8 // D3
ramp 1 1 18.00 3.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 18.00 3.00 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 18.00 3.00 553 553 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 18.00 3.00 2420 2420 // Formant 3
note 28 1 101 0 18.00 3.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 29 1 119 0 18.00 3.00 0.1 // RMS1
note 30 1 121 0 18.00 3.00 // Mouth1
note 31 1 199 0 18.00 3.00 // Rebalance1

// (rest)
ramp 1 1 21.00 3.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 21.00 3.00 277 800 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 21.00 3.00 553 1228 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 21.00 3.00 2420 2500 // Formant 3

// I'm
ramp 1 2 24.00 3.00 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 1 24.00 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 24.00 0.30 800 800 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 24.00 0.30 1228 1228 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 24.00 0.30 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 24.30 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 24.30 0.30 800 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 24.30 0.30 1228 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 24.30 0.30 2500 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 24.60 2.40 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 24.60 2.40 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 24.60 2.40 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 24.60 2.40 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 32 1 101 0 24.00 2.90 1 0.1 // Buzz1
note 33 1 119 0 24.00 2.90 // RMS1
note 34 1 121 0 24.00 2.90 // Mouth1
note 35 1 199 0 24.00 2.90 // Rebalance1

// half
ramp 1 2 27.00 3.00 293.7 293.7 // D4
ramp 1 1 27.00 3.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 27.00 3.00 800 800 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 27.00 3.00 1228 1228 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 27.00 3.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 36 1 101 0 27.00 2.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 37 1 119 0 27.00 2.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 38 1 121 0 27.00 2.90 // Mouth1
note 39 1 199 0 27.00 2.90 // Rebalance1

// cra-
ramp 1 2 30.00 1.90 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 2 31.90 0.10 246.9 220 // B3-A3
ramp 1 2 32.00 0.90 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 2 32.90 0.10 220 196 // A3-G3
ramp 1 1 30.00 0.10 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 30.00 0.10 565 565 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 30.00 0.10 1819 1819 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 30.00 0.10 1800 1800 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 30.10 0.15 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 30.10 0.15 565 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 30.10 0.15 1819 2065 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 30.10 0.15 1800 2570 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 30.25 1.60 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 30.25 1.60 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 30.25 1.60 2065 2065 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 30.25 1.60 2570 2570 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 31.85 0.15 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 31.85 0.15 414 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 31.85 0.15 2065 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 31.85 0.15 2570 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 32.00 0.85 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 32.00 0.85 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 32.00 0.85 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 32.00 0.85 2660 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 32.85 0.15 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 32.85 0.15 344 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 32.85 0.15 2170 2208 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 32.85 0.15 2660 3079 // Formant 3
note 40 1 101 0 30.00 3.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -zy,
ramp 1 2 33.00 2.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 33.00 2.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 33.00 2.00 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 33.00 2.00 2208 2208 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 33.00 2.00 3079 3079 // Formant 3
note 41 1 101 40 33.00 1.90 1 0 // Buzz1
note 42 1 119 0 30.00 4.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 43 1 121 0 30.00 4.90 // Mouth1
note 44 1 199 0 30.00 4.90 // Rebalance1

// and
ramp 1 2 35.00 1.00 185 185 // F#3
ramp 1 1 35.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 35.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 35.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 35.00 1.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 45 1 101 0 35.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 46 1 119 0 35.00 0.90 // RMS1
note 47 1 121 0 35.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 48 1 199 0 35.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// all
ramp 1 2 36.00 1.00 164.8 164.8 // E3
ramp 1 1 36.00 0.05 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 36.00 0.05 800 800 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 36.00 0.05 1228 1228 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 36.00 0.05 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 36.05 0.15 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 36.05 0.15 800 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 36.05 0.15 1228 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 36.05 0.15 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 36.20 0.80 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 36.20 0.80 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 36.20 0.80 750 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 36.20 0.80 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 49 1 101 0 36.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 50 1 119 0 36.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 51 1 121 0 36.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 52 1 199 0 36.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// for
ramp 1 2 37.00 1.00 185 185 // F#3
ramp 1 1 37.00 0.05 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 37.00 0.05 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 37.00 0.05 721 721 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 37.00 0.05 2406 2406 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 37.05 0.15 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 37.05 0.15 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 37.05 0.15 721 721 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 37.05 0.15 2406 1800 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 37.20 0.80 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 37.20 0.80 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 37.20 0.80 721 721 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 37.20 0.80 1800 1800 // Formant 3
note 53 1 101 0 37.00 0.90 1 0.1 // Buzz1
note 54 1 119 0 37.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 55 1 121 0 37.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 56 1 199 0 37.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// the
ramp 1 2 38.00 1.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 38.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 38.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 38.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 38.00 1.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 57 1 101 0 38.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 58 1 119 0 38.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 59 1 121 0 38.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 60 1 199 0 38.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// love
ramp 1 2 39.00 2.00 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 1 39.00 0.05 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 39.00 0.05 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 39.00 0.05 750 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 39.00 0.05 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 39.05 0.15 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 39.05 0.15 450 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 39.05 0.15 750 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 39.05 0.15 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 39.20 1.80 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 39.20 1.80 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 39.20 1.80 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 39.20 1.80 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 61 1 101 0 39.00 1.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 62 1 119 0 39.00 1.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 63 1 121 0 39.00 1.90 // Mouth1
note 64 1 199 0 39.00 1.90 // Rebalance1

// of
ramp 1 2 41.00 1.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 41.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 41.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 41.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 41.00 1.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 65 1 101 0 41.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 66 1 119 0 41.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 67 1 121 0 41.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 68 1 199 0 41.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// you.
ramp 1 2 42.00 5.00 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 1 42.00 0.05 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 42.00 0.05 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 42.00 0.05 2000 2000 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 42.00 0.05 3079 3079 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 42.05 0.15 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 42.05 0.15 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 42.05 0.15 2000 553 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 42.05 0.15 3079 2420 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 42.20 2.80 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 42.20 2.80 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 42.20 2.80 553 553 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 42.20 2.80 2420 2420 // Formant 3
note 69 1 101 0 42.00 2.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 70 1 119 0 42.00 2.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 71 1 121 0 42.00 2.90 // Mouth1
note 72 1 199 0 42.00 2.90 // Rebalance1

// (rest)
ramp 1 1 45.00 2.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 45.00 2.00 277 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 45.00 2.00 553 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 45.00 2.00 2420 2660 // Formant 3

// It
ramp 1 2 47.00 1.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 47.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 47.00 1.00 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 47.00 1.00 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 47.00 1.00 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 73 1 101 0 47.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 74 1 119 0 47.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 75 1 121 0 47.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 76 1 199 0 47.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// won't
ramp 1 2 48.00 1.00 261.6 261.6 // C4
ramp 1 1 48.00 0.05 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 48.00 0.05 290 290 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 48.00 0.05 610 610 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 48.00 0.05 2150 2150 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 48.05 0.15 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 48.05 0.15 290 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 48.05 0.15 610 721 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 48.05 0.15 2150 2406 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 48.20 0.20 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 48.20 0.20 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 48.20 0.20 721 721 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 48.20 0.20 2406 2406 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 48.40 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 48.40 0.30 414 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 48.40 0.30 721 635 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 48.40 0.30 2406 2413 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 48.70 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 48.70 0.30 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 48.70 0.30 635 635 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 48.70 0.30 2413 2413 // Formant 3
note 77 1 101 0 48.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 78 1 119 0 48.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 79 1 121 0 48.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 80 1 199 0 48.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// be
ramp 1 2 49.00 1.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 49.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 49.00 1.00 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 49.00 1.00 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 49.00 1.00 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 81 1 101 0 49.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 82 1 119 0 49.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 83 1 121 0 49.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 84 1 199 0 49.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// a
ramp 1 2 50.00 1.00 220 220 // A4
ramp 1 1 50.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 50.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 50.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 50.00 1.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 85 1 101 0 50.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 86 1 119 0 50.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 87 1 121 0 50.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 88 1 199 0 50.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// styl-
ramp 1 2 51.00 1.98 293.7 293.7 // D4
ramp 1 2 52.98 0.02 293.7 246.9 // D4-B3
ramp 1 1 51.00 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 51.00 0.30 800 800 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 51.00 0.30 1228 1228 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 51.00 0.30 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 51.30 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 51.30 0.30 800 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 51.30 0.30 1228 2208 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 51.30 0.30 2500 3079 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 51.60 1.25 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 51.60 1.25 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 51.60 1.25 2208 2208 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 51.60 1.25 3079 3079 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 52.85 0.15 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 52.85 0.15 277 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 52.85 0.15 2208 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 52.85 0.15 3079 2500 // Formant 3
note 89 1 101 0 51.00 2.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -ish
ramp 1 2 53.00 1.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 53.00 0.20 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 53.00 0.20 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 53.00 0.20 750 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 53.00 0.20 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 53.20 0.20 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 53.20 0.20 450 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 53.20 0.20 750 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 53.20 0.20 2500 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 53.40 0.60 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 53.40 0.60 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 53.40 0.60 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 53.40 0.60 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 90 1 101 89 53.00 0.90 1 0 // Buzz1
note 91 1 119 0 51.00 2.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 92 1 121 0 51.00 2.90 // Mouth1
note 93 1 199 0 51.00 2.90 // Rebalance1

// mar-
ramp 1 2 54.00 0.98 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 2 54.98 0.02 220 196 // A3-G3
ramp 1 1 54.00 0.90 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 54.00 0.90 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 54.00 0.90 2065 2065 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 54.00 0.90 2570 2570 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 54.90 0.10 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 54.90 0.10 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 54.90 0.10 2065 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 54.90 0.10 2570 1800 // Formant 3
note 94 1 101 0 54.00 1.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -riage
ramp 1 2 55.00 4.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 55.00 0.10 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 55.00 0.10 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 55.00 0.10 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 55.00 0.10 1800 1800 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 55.10 0.10 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 55.10 0.10 414 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 55.10 0.10 1516 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 55.10 0.10 1800 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 55.20 1.80 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 55.20 1.80 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 55.20 1.80 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 55.20 1.80 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 95 1 101 94 55.00 1.90 1 0 // Buzz1
note 96 1 119 0 54.00 2.90 // RMS1
note 97 1 121 0 54.00 2.90 // Mouth1
note 98 1 199 0 54.00 2.90 // Rebalance1

// (rest)
ramp 1 1 57.00 2.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 57.00 2.00 344 800 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 57.00 2.00 2170 1228 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 57.00 2.00 2660 2500 // Formant 3

// I
ramp 1 2 59.00 1.00 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 1 59.00 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 59.00 0.30 800 800 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 59.00 0.30 1228 1228 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 59.00 0.30 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 59.30 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 59.30 0.30 800 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 59.30 0.30 1228 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 59.30 0.30 2500 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 59.60 0.40 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 59.60 0.40 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 59.60 0.40 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 59.60 0.40 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 99 1 101 0 59.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 100 1 119 0 59.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 101 1 121 0 59.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 102 1 199 0 59.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// can't
ramp 1 2 60.00 2.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 60.00 2.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 60.00 2.00 648 648 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 60.00 2.00 1712 1712 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 60.00 2.00 2490 2490 // Formant 3
note 103 1 101 0 60.00 1.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 104 1 119 0 60.00 1.90 // RMS1
note 105 1 121 0 60.00 1.90 // Mouth1
note 106 1 199 0 60.00 1.90 // Rebalance1

// af-
ramp 1 2 62.00 0.98 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 2 62.98 0.02 196 164.8 // G3-E3
ramp 1 1 62.00 0.95 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 62.00 0.95 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 62.00 0.95 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 62.00 0.95 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 62.95 0.05 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 62.95 0.05 414 565 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 62.95 0.05 1516 915 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 62.95 0.05 2500 2373 // Formant 3
note 107 1 101 0 62.00 1.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -ford
ramp 1 2 63.00 2.00 164.8 164.8 // E3
ramp 1 1 63.00 0.85 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 63.00 0.85 565 565 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 63.00 0.85 915 915 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 63.00 0.85 2373 2373 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 63.85 0.15 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 63.85 0.15 565 565 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 63.85 0.15 915 915 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 63.85 0.15 2373 1800 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 64.00 1.00 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 64.00 1.00 565 565 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 64.00 1.00 915 915 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 64.00 1.00 1800 1800 // Formant 3
note 108 1 101 107 63.00 1.90 1 0 // Buzz1
note 109 1 119 0 62.00 2.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 110 1 121 0 62.00 2.90 // Mouth1
note 111 1 199 0 62.00 2.90 // Rebalance1

// a
ramp 1 2 65.00 1.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 65.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 65.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 65.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 65.00 1.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 112 1 101 0 65.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 113 1 119 0 65.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 114 1 121 0 65.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 115 1 199 0 65.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// car-
ramp 1 2 66.00 0.98 164.8 164.8 // E3
ramp 1 2 66.98 0.02 164.8 146.8 // E3-D3
ramp 1 1 66.00 0.90 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 66.00 0.90 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 66.00 0.90 2065 2065 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 66.00 0.90 2570 2570 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 66.90 0.10 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 66.90 0.10 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 66.90 0.10 2065 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 66.90 0.10 2570 1800 // Formant 3
note 116 1 101 0 66.00 1.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -riage.
ramp 1 2 67.00 4.00 146.8 146.8 // D3
ramp 1 1 67.00 0.10 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 67.00 0.10 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 67.00 0.10 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 67.00 0.10 1800 1800 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 67.10 0.10 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 67.10 0.10 414 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 67.10 0.10 1516 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 67.10 0.10 1800 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 67.20 1.80 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 67.20 1.80 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 67.20 1.80 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 67.20 1.80 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 117 1 101 116 67.00 1.90 1 0 // Buzz1
note 118 1 119 0 66.00 2.90 // RMS1
note 119 1 121 0 66.00 2.90 // Mouth1
note 120 1 199 0 66.00 2.90 // Rebalance1

// (rest)
ramp 1 1 69.00 2.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 69.00 2.00 344 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 69.00 2.00 2170 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 69.00 2.00 2660 2500 // Formant 3

// But
ramp 1 2 71.00 1.00 146.8 146.8 // D3
ramp 1 1 71.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 71.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 71.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 71.00 1.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 121 1 101 0 71.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 122 1 119 0 71.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 123 1 121 0 71.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 124 1 199 0 71.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// you'll
ramp 1 2 72.00 2.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 72.00 0.05 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 72.00 0.05 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 72.00 0.05 2000 2000 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 72.00 0.05 3079 3079 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 72.05 0.15 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 72.05 0.15 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 72.05 0.15 2000 553 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 72.05 0.15 3079 2420 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 72.20 0.15 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 72.20 0.15 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 72.20 0.15 553 553 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 72.20 0.15 2420 2420 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 72.35 0.15 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 72.35 0.15 277 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 72.35 0.15 553 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 72.35 0.15 2420 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 72.50 1.50 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 72.50 1.50 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 72.50 1.50 750 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 72.50 1.50 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 125 1 101 0 72.00 1.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 126 1 119 0 72.00 1.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 127 1 121 0 72.00 1.90 // Mouth1
note 128 1 199 0 72.00 1.90 // Rebalance1

// look
ramp 1 2 74.00 1.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 74.00 0.05 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 74.00 0.05 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 74.00 0.05 750 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 74.00 0.05 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 74.05 0.10 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 74.05 0.10 450 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 74.05 0.10 750 635 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 74.05 0.10 2500 2413 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 74.15 0.85 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 74.15 0.85 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 74.15 0.85 635 635 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 74.15 0.85 2413 2413 // Formant 3
note 129 1 101 0 74.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 130 1 119 0 74.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 131 1 121 0 74.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 132 1 199 0 74.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// sweet
ramp 1 2 75.00 2.00 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 1 75.00 0.10 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 75.00 0.10 290 290 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 75.00 0.10 610 610 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 75.00 0.10 2150 2150 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 75.10 0.15 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 75.10 0.15 290 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 75.10 0.15 610 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 75.10 0.15 2150 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 75.25 1.75 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 75.25 1.75 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 75.25 1.75 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 75.25 1.75 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 133 1 101 0 75.00 1.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 134 1 119 0 75.00 1.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 135 1 121 0 75.00 1.90 // Mouth1
note 136 1 199 0 75.00 1.90 // Rebalance1

// u-
ramp 1 2 77.00 0.98 146.8 146.8 // D3
ramp 1 2 77.98 0.02 146.8 196 // D3-G3
ramp 1 1 77.00 0.90 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 77.00 0.90 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 77.00 0.90 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 77.00 0.90 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 77.90 0.10 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 77.90 0.10 414 565 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 77.90 0.10 1516 915 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 77.90 0.10 2500 2373 // Formant 3
note 137 1 101 0 77.00 1.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -pon
ramp 1 2 78.00 2.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 78.00 2.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 78.00 2.00 565 565 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 78.00 2.00 915 915 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 78.00 2.00 2373 2373 // Formant 3
note 138 1 101 137 78.00 1.90 1 0 // Buzz1
note 139 1 119 0 77.00 2.90 // RMS1
note 140 1 121 0 77.00 2.90 // Mouth1
note 141 1 199 0 77.00 2.90 // Rebalance1

// the
ramp 1 2 80.00 1.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 80.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 80.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 80.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 80.00 1.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 142 1 101 0 80.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 143 1 119 0 80.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 144 1 121 0 80.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 145 1 199 0 80.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// seat
ramp 1 2 81.00 1.00 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 1 81.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 81.00 1.00 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 81.00 1.00 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 81.00 1.00 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 146 1 101 0 81.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 147 1 119 0 81.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 148 1 121 0 81.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 149 1 199 0 81.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// of
ramp 1 2 82.00 1.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 82.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 82.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 82.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 82.00 1.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 150 1 101 0 82.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 151 1 119 0 82.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 152 1 121 0 82.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 153 1 199 0 82.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// a
ramp 1 2 83.00 1.00 261.6 261.6 // C4
ramp 1 1 83.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 83.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 83.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 83.00 1.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 154 1 101 0 83.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 155 1 119 0 83.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 156 1 121 0 83.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 157 1 199 0 83.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// bi-
ramp 1 2 84.00 0.98 293.7 293.7 // D4
ramp 1 2 84.98 0.02 293.7 246.9 // D4-B3
ramp 1 1 84.00 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 84.00 0.30 800 800 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 84.00 0.30 1228 1228 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 84.00 0.30 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 84.30 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 84.30 0.30 800 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 84.30 0.30 1228 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 84.30 0.30 2500 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 84.60 0.40 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 84.60 0.40 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 84.60 0.40 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 84.60 0.40 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 158 1 101 0 84.00 1.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -cy-
ramp 1 2 85.00 0.98 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 2 85.98 0.02 246.9 196 // B3-G3
ramp 1 1 85.00 0.95 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 85.00 0.95 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 85.00 0.95 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 85.00 0.95 2660 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 85.95 0.05 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 85.95 0.05 344 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 85.95 0.05 2170 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 85.95 0.05 2660 2500 // Formant 3
note 159 1 101 158 85.00 1.00 1 0 // Buzz1
// -cle
ramp 1 2 86.00 1.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 86.00 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 86.00 0.30 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 86.00 0.30 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 86.00 0.30 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 86.30 0.15 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 86.30 0.15 414 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 86.30 0.15 1516 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 86.30 0.15 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 86.45 0.55 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 86.45 0.55 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 86.45 0.55 750 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 86.45 0.55 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 160 1 101 159 86.00 0.90 1 0 // Buzz1
note 161 1 119 0 84.00 2.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 162 1 121 0 84.00 2.90 // Mouth1
note 163 1 199 0 84.00 2.90 // Rebalance1

// built
ramp 1 2 87.00 2.00 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 1 87.00 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 87.00 0.30 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 87.00 0.30 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 87.00 0.30 2660 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 87.30 0.15 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 87.30 0.15 344 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 87.30 0.15 2170 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 87.30 0.15 2660 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 87.45 1.55 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 87.45 1.55 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 87.45 1.55 750 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 87.45 1.55 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 164 1 101 0 87.00 1.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 165 1 119 0 87.00 1.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 166 1 121 0 87.00 1.90 // Mouth1
note 167 1 199 0 87.00 1.90 // Rebalance1

// for
ramp 1 2 89.00 1.00 146.8 146.8 // D3
ramp 1 1 89.00 0.20 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 89.00 0.20 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 89.00 0.20 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 89.00 0.20 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 89.20 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 89.20 0.30 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 89.20 0.30 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 89.20 0.30 2500 1800 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 89.50 0.50 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 89.50 0.50 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 89.50 0.50 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 89.50 0.50 1800 1800 // Formant 3
note 168 1 101 0 89.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 169 1 119 0 89.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 170 1 121 0 89.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 171 1 199 0 89.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// two
ramp 1 2 90.00 6.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 90.00 6.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 90.00 6.00 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 90.00 6.00 553 553 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 90.00 6.00 2420 2420 // Formant 3
note 172 1 101 0 90.00 3.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 173 1 119 0 90.00 3.00 0.1 // RMS1
note 174 1 121 0 90.00 3.00 // Mouth1
note 175 1 199 0 90.00 3.00 // Rebalance1

// (rest)

end 96.0
Listing 5: Notelist for “Daisy Bell”, Iteration 3. Glides and liquids are highlighted in blue To hear a realization, click here.

Formants and Transitions

Table 3 summarizes the fruits of my internet search for synthesis parameters relating to glides and liquids. Some entries are less convincing that others; in particular, Klatt's l sounded more like an r to me. Cox prefers to list ranges rather than specific values, which while academically more correct is frustrating for my needs.

Klatt's point about scaling back the amplitude for liquids makes sense when the sounds are used like consonants (as in already and around) but less sense when the sounds are used like vowels (as in all or for). Also, I found his recommended reduction of 10 dB distruptive. In Listing 5 the amplitude used for glides and for liquids-used-like-consonants is 1900, which is only 5 dB down from the amplitude of 6000 used for vowels.

“Daisy Bell” Iteration #3

Listing 5 presents the third-iteration synthesis of “Daisy Bell”. The notes are exactly the same as in Listing 2 and Listing 4. However, the single “Amplitude” ramp that initiated both previous listings is replaced, now and going forward, by many such ramps, dispersed throughout the text.

Where words employ glides and liquids, new ramps controlling “Formant 1”, “Formant 2”, and “Formant 3” have been interposed. These new indications for glides and liquids are color-coded in blue.

Glides

The character of a glide is essentially transitional. This is unlike a vowel, which is static, and more like a diphthong. However glides differ from diphthongs in that the transition takes place over a much shorter time interval. Where a diphthong might take 300 msec., a glide might take half that time or less. Consider for example the opening y in “your”. I have coded this using two segments:

Between these two segments it's the transition which is most dwelled upon. Which is reenforced by the fact that much of the steady-statement is taken up by note #19's 30 msec attack duration, during which the amplitude ramps up linearly from zero.

Liquids

Liquids, by contrast, happen by tongue contortions which push formants into ranges not visited by vowels. If the liquid is positioned at the beginning of a syllable (for example, the second syllable of “marriage” at time 55.00), then the steady-state and the out-of transition have equal durations. However when a liquid is positioned at the end of a syllable (for example the final r in “your”), then a speaker would tend to dwell on the steady-state phase. For the final r in “your” I have coded a 150 transition from ə into ɔɹ and a 400 msec. steady-state (although the segment lasts 500 msec., note #19 releases 100 msec. before the end of the segment).

For liquids, nasals, and plosives the formant transition moving into the consonant is sometimes referred to as the “onglide”, while the formant transition out of the consonant is sometimes referred to as the “offglide”. I like these two terms in spite of whatever confusion they may cause, so will adopt them going forward.

Next topic: Nasals

© Charles Ames Page created: 2014-02-20 Last updated: 2017-06-12