Speech Synthesis:
Fricative Consonants

Introduction

Fricative consonants are sustained noise sounds produced by the human vocal tract. Unvoiced fricatives result from turbulent air flow, which is produced by forcing air through a constriction. The location of the constriction in the vocal tract determines how spectral energy is distributed. Each unvoiced fricative has a voiced counterpart, which is produced by allowing the vocal chords to vibrate in combination with the turbulent noise. For further background on vocal fricatives I direct you to Robert Mannell's page on Fricatives and James Kirby's PowerPoint, Spectral features of fricatives and stops.

Model

Gunnar Fant's source-filter model still applies to fricative synthesis and indeed provides the general framework for the so-called subtractive approach to sound synthesis. Included is the wide range of whispered sounds, formally known as glottal fricatives and represented by the single IPA code h. Whispered sounds can be synthesized by processing wide-band noise through Instrument #121: Mouth1 and Instrument #122: Nose1.

However there is no Mouth1 or Nose1 for fricatives other than h, at least not to my knowledge. That is, I am not aware of a single filter bank which can sythesize the full range of fricative sounds simply by swapping parameters. In part this may be due to the fact that there are several distinct places of excitation for fricative sounds, and many of these places lie around the lips and front teeth rather than around the glottis. Issues surrounding the use of filters to produce fricative sounds were explored in the heading of Synthesizing Noise Sounds devoted to Fricative Consonants, where it was found necessary to employ a different configuration of filters to obtain each of the unvoiced fricatives listed in Table 5 below.

IPA Symbols

Table 5 lists more common fricatives in their unvoiced and voiced variants. The decision as to which fricatives should be included in this table was driven by the availablity of spectrum graphs in Wiktor Jassem's 1962 typescript, “The formant patterns of fricative consonants”. As such, Table 5 includes all fricatives employed by English (also Swedish and Polish) plus a few voiced instances which happen to have unvoiced English counterparts. However, Table 5 falls far short of the diversity of fricative sounds employed by human languages worldwide.

Description	Location of Constriction	Unvoiced IPA	Unvoiced Examples	Voiced IPA	Voiced Examples
labiodental	between the teeth and the lips	`f`	fat	`v`	vat
dental	between the tounge and the teeth	`θ`	thin thesis	`ð`	the, this
alveolar	between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge (the gum line behind the teeth)	`s`	sip	`z`	zip
prepalatal	between the top of the tongue and the front of the hard palate	`∫`	sure	`ʒ`	azure, vision
palatal	between the top of the tongue and the central hard palate	`ç`	not used in English	`ʝ`	not used in English
velar	between back of the tongue and the velum (i.e. soft palate)	`x`	loch chutzpah	`ɣ`	not used in English
glottal	transitional state of the glottis	`h`	heat	`ɦ`	behind (some speakers)

Table 5: Fricative consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Source: Wikipedia with additional pronunciation examples from webdesign.about.com

Aspiration Instrument

To produce wide-band noise suitable for synthesizing aspiration through the vocal tract, SpeechOrch.xml offers Instrument #102: Whisper1. Speech synthesis literature from the early days advocate brown noise for this purpose, but when I tried that it produced a coarse low rumbling that was hardly suggestive of whisper. More satisfying results were obtained by processing output from the Noise unit through FilterBandPass2B, which implements Victor Lazzarini's 2nd-order Butterworth band-pass filter. The operation of Instrument #102 is detailed in Figure 6 (a), while Figure 6 (b) plots the resulting spectrum.


Figure 6 (a): Instrument #102: Whisper1 realizes the excitation phase for whispered vowels, diphthongs, glides, and liquids.		Figure 6 (b): Spectrum of the wide-band noise emitted by Instrument #102: Whisper1. The peak is located at 7000 Hz.

Voicing a Fricative

The sources available to me fall short when it comes to procedures for synthesizing voiced fricatives. Klatt suggests amplitude-modulating the source noise with a sine wave, but when I tried this the outcome was pretty horrible. In the end I opted to mix pulse waves with noise in proportions favoring the pulse waves. This source sound would then be processed through the filter banks used for the corresponding unvoiced fricative. My solution worked well for some sounds, notably z and v, but worked less well for other sounds such as ð and ʒ.

orch /Users/charlesames/Scratch/SpeechOrch.xml
set rate 44100
set bits 16
set norm 1
name Daisy5

// Dai-
ramp 1 2 0.00 2.98 293.7 293.7 // D4
ramp 1 2 2.98 0.02 293.7 246.9 // D4-B3
ramp 1 1 0.00 0.20 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 0.00 0.20 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 0.00 0.20 2065 2065 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 0.00 0.20 2570 2570 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 0.20 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 0.20 0.30 414 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 0.20 0.30 2065 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 0.20 0.30 2570 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 0.50 2.50 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 0.50 2.50 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 0.50 2.50 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 0.50 2.50 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 1 1 101 0 0.00 3.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -sy,
ramp 1 2 3.00 3.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 3.00 2.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 3.00 2.00 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 3.00 2.00 2208 2208 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 3.00 2.00 3079 3079 // Formant 3
note 2 2 201 0 3.00 0.40 0.015625 0.03 // Buzz2
note 3 2 219 0 3.00 0.40 // RMS2
note 4 2 226 0 3.00 0.40 3000 1000 // BandReject2
note 5 2 226 0 3.00 0.40 3000 1000 // BandReject2
note 6 2 224 0 3.00 0.40 4200 300 // BandPassBW2
note 7 2 226 0 3.00 0.40 5700 400 // BandReject2
note 8 2 221 0 3.00 0.40 11000 // LowPass
note 9 2 221 0 3.00 0.40 11000 // LowPass
note 10 2 227 0 3.00 0.40 10500 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 3.981 3.981 0 0 0 0 0.000000001 0.000000001 1.259 0.708 // LinearEqualizer2
note 11 2 299 0 3.00 0.40 // Rebalance2
note 12 1 101 0 3.10 1.90 1 0.2 // Buzz1
note 13 1 119 0 0.00 5.00 0.1 // RMS1
note 14 1 121 0 0.00 5.00 // Mouth1
note 15 1 199 0 0.00 5.00 // Rebalance1

// (rest)
ramp 1 1 5.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 5.00 1.00 277 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 5.00 1.00 2208 2065 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 5.00 1.00 3079 2570 // Formant 3

// Dai-
ramp 1 2 6.00 2.98 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 2 8.98 0.02 196 146.8 // G3-D3
ramp 1 1 6.00 0.20 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 6.00 0.20 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 6.00 0.20 2065 2065 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 6.00 0.20 2570 2570 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 6.20 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 6.20 0.30 414 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 6.20 0.30 2065 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 6.20 0.30 2570 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 6.50 2.50 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 6.50 2.50 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 6.50 2.50 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 6.50 2.50 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 16 1 101 0 6.00 3.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -sy.
ramp 1 2 9.00 3.00 146.8 146.8 // D3
ramp 1 1 9.00 2.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 9.00 2.00 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 9.00 2.00 2208 2208 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 9.00 2.00 3079 3079 // Formant 3
note 17 2 201 0 9.00 0.40 0.015625 0.03 // Buzz2
note 18 2 219 0 9.00 0.40 // RMS2
note 19 2 226 0 9.00 0.40 3000 1000 // BandReject2
note 20 2 226 0 9.00 0.40 3000 1000 // BandReject2
note 21 2 224 0 9.00 0.40 4200 300 // BandPassBW2
note 22 2 226 0 9.00 0.40 5700 400 // BandReject2
note 23 2 221 0 9.00 0.40 11000 // LowPass
note 24 2 221 0 9.00 0.40 11000 // LowPass
note 25 2 227 0 9.00 0.40 10500 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 3.981 3.981 0 0 0 0 0.000000001 0.000000001 1.259 0.708 // LinearEqualizer2
note 26 2 299 0 9.00 0.40 // Rebalance2
note 27 1 101 0 9.10 1.90 1 0.2 // Buzz1
note 28 1 119 0 6.00 5.00 0.1 // RMS1
note 29 1 121 0 6.00 5.00 // Mouth1
note 30 1 199 0 6.00 5.00 // Rebalance1

// (rest)
ramp 1 1 11.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 11.00 1.00 277 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 11.00 1.00 2208 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 11.00 1.00 3079 2660 // Formant 3

// Give
ramp 1 2 12.00 1.00 164.8 164.8 // E3
ramp 1 1 12.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 12.00 1.00 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 12.00 1.00 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 12.00 1.00 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 31 1 101 0 12.00 0.55 1 0.02 // Buzz1
note 32 1 119 0 12.00 0.55 0.1 // RMS1
note 33 1 121 0 12.00 0.55 // Mouth1
note 34 1 199 0 12.00 0.55 // Rebalance1
note 35 2 202 0 12.50 0.50 0.0078125 0.03 // Noise2 Sust
note 36 2 201 0 12.50 0.50 0.1015625 0.03 // Buzz2
note 37 2 219 0 12.50 0.50 // RMS2
note 38 2 226 0 12.50 0.50 4400 1100 // BandReject2
note 39 2 221 0 12.50 0.50 11000 // LowPass
note 40 2 221 0 12.50 0.50 11000 // LowPass
note 41 2 227 0 12.50 0.50 10500 0.794 1.259 1.585 1.585 0 0 0 0.251 0.282 0.224 0.447 0.631 0.631 0.631 0.631 0.1 // LinearEqualizer2
note 42 2 299 0 12.50 0.50 // Rebalance2

// me
ramp 1 2 13.00 1.00 185 185 // F#3
ramp 1 1 13.00 0.20 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 13.00 0.20 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 13.00 0.20 1270 1270 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 13.00 0.20 2130 2130 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 13.20 0.10 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 13.20 0.10 450 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 13.20 0.10 1270 2208 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 13.20 0.10 2130 3079 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 13.30 0.70 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 13.30 0.70 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 13.30 0.70 2208 2208 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 13.30 0.70 3079 3079 // Formant 3
note 43 1 101 0 13.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 44 1 119 0 13.00 0.90 // RMS1
note 45 1 121 0 13.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 46 1 122 0 13.00 0.30 0 0.1 1200 75 33 // Nose1
note 47 1 199 0 13.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// your
ramp 1 2 14.00 1.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 14.00 0.05 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 14.00 0.05 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 14.00 0.05 2000 2000 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 14.00 0.05 3079 3079 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 14.05 0.15 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 14.05 0.15 277 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 14.05 0.15 2000 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 14.05 0.15 3079 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 14.20 0.15 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 14.20 0.15 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 14.20 0.15 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 14.20 0.15 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 14.35 0.15 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 14.35 0.15 414 565 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 14.35 0.15 1516 915 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 14.35 0.15 2500 1800 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 14.50 0.50 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 14.50 0.50 565 565 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 14.50 0.50 915 915 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 14.50 0.50 1800 1800 // Formant 3
note 48 1 101 0 14.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 49 1 119 0 14.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 50 1 121 0 14.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 51 1 199 0 14.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// an-
ramp 1 2 15.00 2.00 164.8 164.8 // E3
ramp 1 1 15.00 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 15.00 0.30 648 648 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 15.00 0.30 1712 1712 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 15.00 0.30 2490 2490 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 15.30 0.10 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 15.30 0.10 648 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 15.30 0.10 1712 1340 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 15.30 0.10 2490 2470 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 15.40 1.60 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 15.40 1.60 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 15.40 1.60 1340 1340 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 15.40 1.60 2470 2470 // Formant 3
note 52 1 101 0 15.00 2.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -swer
ramp 1 2 17.00 1.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 17.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 17.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 17.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 17.00 1.00 1800 1800 // Formant 3
note 53 2 202 0 17.00 0.30 0.03125 0.03 // Noise2 Sust
note 54 2 219 0 17.00 0.30 // RMS2
note 55 2 226 0 17.00 0.30 3000 1000 // BandReject2
note 56 2 226 0 17.00 0.30 3000 1000 // BandReject2
note 57 2 224 0 17.00 0.30 4200 300 // BandPassBW2
note 58 2 226 0 17.00 0.30 5700 400 // BandReject2
note 59 2 221 0 17.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 60 2 221 0 17.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 61 2 227 0 17.00 0.30 10500 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 3.981 3.981 0 0 0 0 0.000000001 0.000000001 1.259 0.708 // LinearEqualizer2
note 62 2 299 0 17.00 0.30 // Rebalance2
note 63 1 101 0 17.00 0.90 1 0.2 // Buzz1
note 64 1 119 0 15.00 2.90 // RMS1
note 65 1 121 0 15.00 2.90 // Mouth1
note 66 1 122 0 15.30 1.70 0.1 0 1200 75 33 // Nose1
note 67 1 199 0 15.00 2.90 // Rebalance1

// do.
ramp 1 2 18.00 6.00 146.8 146.8 // D3
ramp 1 1 18.00 3.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 18.00 3.00 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 18.00 3.00 553 553 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 18.00 3.00 2420 2420 // Formant 3
note 68 1 101 0 18.00 3.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 69 1 119 0 18.00 3.00 0.1 // RMS1
note 70 1 121 0 18.00 3.00 // Mouth1
note 71 1 199 0 18.00 3.00 // Rebalance1

// (rest)
ramp 1 1 21.00 3.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 21.00 3.00 277 800 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 21.00 3.00 553 1228 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 21.00 3.00 2420 2500 // Formant 3

// I'm
ramp 1 2 24.00 3.00 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 1 24.00 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 24.00 0.30 800 800 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 24.00 0.30 1228 1228 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 24.00 0.30 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 24.30 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 24.30 0.30 800 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 24.30 0.30 1228 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 24.30 0.30 2500 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 24.60 0.20 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 24.60 0.20 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 24.60 0.20 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 24.60 0.20 2660 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 24.80 0.15 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 24.80 0.15 344 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 24.80 0.15 2170 1270 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 24.80 0.15 2660 2130 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 24.95 2.05 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 24.95 2.05 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 24.95 2.05 1270 1270 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 24.95 2.05 2130 2130 // Formant 3
note 72 1 101 0 24.00 2.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 73 1 119 0 24.00 2.90 // RMS1
note 74 1 121 0 24.00 2.90 // Mouth1
note 75 1 122 0 24.80 2.10 0.1 0 450 25 458 // Nose1
note 76 1 199 0 24.00 2.90 // Rebalance1

// half
ramp 1 2 27.00 3.00 293.7 293.7 // D4
ramp 1 1 27.00 3.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 27.00 3.00 800 800 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 27.00 3.00 1228 1228 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 27.00 3.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 77 1 102 0 27.00 0.30 1 0.03 // Whisper1
note 78 1 101 0 27.10 2.00 1 0.2 // Buzz1
note 79 1 119 0 27.00 3.10 0.1 // RMS1
note 80 1 121 0 27.00 3.10 // Mouth1
note 81 1 199 0 27.00 3.10 // Rebalance1
note 82 2 202 0 29.00 0.30 0.0078125 0.03 // Noise2 Sust
note 83 2 219 0 29.00 0.30 // RMS2
note 84 2 226 0 29.00 0.30 4400 1100 // BandReject2
note 85 2 221 0 29.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 86 2 221 0 29.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 87 2 227 0 29.00 0.30 10500 0.794 1.259 1.585 1.585 0 0 0 0.251 0.282 0.224 0.447 0.631 0.631 0.631 0.631 0.1 // LinearEqualizer2
note 88 2 299 0 29.00 0.30 // Rebalance2

// cra-
ramp 1 2 30.00 1.90 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 2 31.90 0.10 246.9 220 // B3-A3
ramp 1 2 32.00 0.90 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 2 32.90 0.10 220 196 // A3-G3
ramp 1 1 30.00 0.10 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 30.00 0.10 565 565 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 30.00 0.10 1819 1819 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 30.00 0.10 1800 1800 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 30.10 0.15 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 30.10 0.15 565 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 30.10 0.15 1819 2065 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 30.10 0.15 1800 2570 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 30.25 1.60 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 30.25 1.60 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 30.25 1.60 2065 2065 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 30.25 1.60 2570 2570 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 31.85 0.15 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 31.85 0.15 414 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 31.85 0.15 2065 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 31.85 0.15 2570 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 32.00 0.85 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 32.00 0.85 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 32.00 0.85 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 32.00 0.85 2660 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 32.85 0.15 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 32.85 0.15 344 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 32.85 0.15 2170 2208 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 32.85 0.15 2660 3079 // Formant 3
note 89 1 101 0 30.00 3.10 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -zy
ramp 1 2 33.00 2.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 33.00 2.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 33.00 2.00 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 33.00 2.00 2208 2208 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 33.00 2.00 3079 3079 // Formant 3
note 90 2 201 0 33.00 0.40 0.015625 0.03 // Buzz2
note 91 2 219 0 33.00 0.40 // RMS2
note 92 2 226 0 33.00 0.40 3000 1000 // BandReject2
note 93 2 226 0 33.00 0.40 3000 1000 // BandReject2
note 94 2 224 0 33.00 0.40 4200 300 // BandPassBW2
note 95 2 226 0 33.00 0.40 5700 400 // BandReject2
note 96 2 221 0 33.00 0.40 11000 // LowPass
note 97 2 221 0 33.00 0.40 11000 // LowPass
note 98 2 227 0 33.00 0.40 10500 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 3.981 3.981 0 0 0 0 0.000000001 0.000000001 1.259 0.708 // LinearEqualizer2
note 99 2 299 0 33.00 0.40 // Rebalance2
note 100 1 101 0 33.10 1.80 1 0.2 // Buzz1
note 101 1 119 0 30.00 4.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 102 1 121 0 30.00 4.90 // Mouth1
note 103 1 199 0 30.00 4.90 // Rebalance1

// and
ramp 1 2 35.00 1.00 185 185 // F#3
ramp 1 1 35.00 0.20 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 35.00 0.20 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 35.00 0.20 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 35.00 0.20 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 35.20 0.15 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 35.20 0.15 414 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 35.20 0.15 1516 1340 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 35.20 0.15 2500 2470 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 35.35 0.65 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 35.35 0.65 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 35.35 0.65 1340 1340 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 35.35 0.65 2470 2470 // Formant 3
note 104 1 101 0 35.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 105 1 119 0 35.00 0.90 // RMS1
note 106 1 121 0 35.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 107 1 122 0 35.35 0.55 0.1 0 1200 75 33 // Nose1
note 108 1 199 0 35.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// all
ramp 1 2 36.00 1.00 164.8 164.8 // E3
ramp 1 1 36.00 0.05 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 36.00 0.05 800 800 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 36.00 0.05 1228 1228 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 36.00 0.05 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 36.05 0.15 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 36.05 0.15 800 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 36.05 0.15 1228 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 36.05 0.15 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 36.20 0.80 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 36.20 0.80 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 36.20 0.80 750 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 36.20 0.80 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 109 1 101 0 36.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 110 1 119 0 36.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 111 1 121 0 36.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 112 1 199 0 36.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// for
ramp 1 2 37.00 1.00 185 185 // F#3
ramp 1 1 37.00 0.05 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 37.00 0.05 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 37.00 0.05 721 721 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 37.00 0.05 2406 2406 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 37.05 0.15 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 37.05 0.15 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 37.05 0.15 721 721 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 37.05 0.15 2406 1800 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 37.20 0.80 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 37.20 0.80 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 37.20 0.80 721 721 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 37.20 0.80 1800 1800 // Formant 3
note 113 2 202 0 37.00 0.40 0.0078125 0.03 // Noise2 Sust
note 114 2 219 0 37.00 0.40 // RMS2
note 115 2 226 0 37.00 0.40 4400 1100 // BandReject2
note 116 2 221 0 37.00 0.40 11000 // LowPass
note 117 2 221 0 37.00 0.40 11000 // LowPass
note 118 2 227 0 37.00 0.40 10500 0.794 1.259 1.585 1.585 0 0 0 0.251 0.282 0.224 0.447 0.631 0.631 0.631 0.631 0.1 // LinearEqualizer2
note 119 2 299 0 37.00 0.40 // Rebalance2
note 120 1 101 0 37.10 0.80 1 0.2 // Buzz1
note 121 1 119 0 37.10 0.80 0.1 // RMS1
note 122 1 121 0 37.10 0.80 // Mouth1
note 123 1 199 0 37.10 0.80 // Rebalance1

// the
ramp 1 2 38.00 1.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 38.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 38.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 38.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 38.00 1.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 124 2 201 0 38.00 0.30 0.125 0.03 // Buzz2
note 125 2 219 0 38.00 0.30 // RMS2
note 126 2 226 0 38.00 0.30 3000 3000 // BandReject2
note 127 2 221 0 38.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 128 2 221 0 38.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 129 2 227 0 38.00 0.30 10500 3.09 3.548 4.677 3.388 3.467 3.02 1 10.96 10.96 10.72 10.72 9.12 8.511 6.761 6.31 1 // LinearEqualizer2
note 130 2 299 0 38.00 0.30 // Rebalance2
note 131 1 101 0 38.00 0.90 1 0.2 // Buzz1
note 132 1 119 0 38.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 133 1 121 0 38.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 134 1 199 0 38.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// love
ramp 1 2 39.00 2.00 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 1 39.00 0.05 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 39.00 0.05 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 39.00 0.05 750 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 39.00 0.05 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 39.05 0.15 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 39.05 0.15 450 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 39.05 0.15 750 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 39.05 0.15 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 39.20 0.25 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 39.20 0.25 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 39.20 0.25 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 39.20 0.25 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 39.45 0.05 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 39.45 0.05 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 39.45 0.05 1516 721 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 39.45 0.05 2500 2406 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 39.50 1.50 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 39.50 1.50 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 39.50 1.50 721 721 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 39.50 1.50 2406 2406 // Formant 3
note 135 1 101 0 39.00 0.60 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 136 1 119 0 39.00 0.60 0.1 // RMS1
note 137 1 121 0 39.00 0.60 // Mouth1
note 138 1 199 0 39.00 0.60 // Rebalance1
note 139 2 202 0 39.50 1.40 0.0078125 0.03 // Noise2 Sust
note 140 2 201 0 39.50 1.40 0.1015625 0.03 // Buzz2
note 141 2 219 0 39.50 1.40 // RMS2
note 142 2 226 0 39.50 1.40 4400 1100 // BandReject2
note 143 2 221 0 39.50 1.40 11000 // LowPass
note 144 2 221 0 39.50 1.40 11000 // LowPass
note 145 2 227 0 39.50 1.40 10500 0.794 1.259 1.585 1.585 0 0 0 0.251 0.282 0.224 0.447 0.631 0.631 0.631 0.631 0.1 // LinearEqualizer2
note 146 2 299 0 39.50 1.40 // Rebalance2

// of
ramp 1 2 41.00 1.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 41.00 0.45 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 41.00 0.45 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 41.00 0.45 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 41.00 0.45 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 41.45 0.05 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 41.45 0.05 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 41.45 0.05 1516 721 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 41.45 0.05 2500 2406 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 41.50 0.50 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 41.50 0.50 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 41.50 0.50 721 721 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 41.50 0.50 2406 2406 // Formant 3
note 147 1 101 0 41.00 0.60 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 148 1 119 0 41.00 0.60 0.1 // RMS1
note 149 1 121 0 41.00 0.60 // Mouth1
note 150 1 199 0 41.00 0.60 // Rebalance1
note 151 2 202 0 41.50 0.30 0.0078125 0.03 // Noise2 Sust
note 152 2 201 0 41.50 0.30 0.1015625 0.03 // Buzz2
note 153 2 219 0 41.50 0.30 // RMS2
note 154 2 226 0 41.50 0.30 4400 1100 // BandReject2
note 155 2 221 0 41.50 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 156 2 221 0 41.50 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 157 2 227 0 41.50 0.30 10500 0.794 1.259 1.585 1.585 0 0 0 0.251 0.282 0.224 0.447 0.631 0.631 0.631 0.631 0.1 // LinearEqualizer2
note 158 2 299 0 41.50 0.30 // Rebalance2

// you.
ramp 1 2 42.00 5.00 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 1 42.00 0.05 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 42.00 0.05 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 42.00 0.05 2000 2000 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 42.00 0.05 3079 3079 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 42.05 0.15 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 42.05 0.15 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 42.05 0.15 2000 553 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 42.05 0.15 3079 2420 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 42.20 2.80 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 42.20 2.80 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 42.20 2.80 553 553 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 42.20 2.80 2420 2420 // Formant 3
note 159 1 101 0 42.00 2.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 160 1 119 0 42.00 2.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 161 1 121 0 42.00 2.90 // Mouth1
note 162 1 199 0 42.00 2.90 // Rebalance1

// (rest)
ramp 1 1 45.00 2.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 45.00 2.00 277 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 45.00 2.00 553 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 45.00 2.00 2420 2660 // Formant 3

// It
ramp 1 2 47.00 1.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 47.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 47.00 1.00 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 47.00 1.00 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 47.00 1.00 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 163 1 101 0 47.00 0.50 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 164 1 119 0 47.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 165 1 121 0 47.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 166 1 199 0 47.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// won't
ramp 1 2 48.00 1.00 261.6 261.6 // C4
ramp 1 1 48.00 0.05 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 48.00 0.05 290 290 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 48.00 0.05 610 610 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 48.00 0.05 2150 2150 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 48.05 0.10 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 48.05 0.10 290 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 48.05 0.10 610 721 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 48.05 0.10 2150 2406 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 48.15 0.05 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 48.15 0.05 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 48.15 0.05 721 721 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 48.15 0.05 2406 2406 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 48.20 0.15 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 48.20 0.15 414 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 48.20 0.15 721 635 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 48.20 0.15 2406 2413 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 48.35 0.05 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 48.35 0.05 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 48.35 0.05 635 635 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 48.35 0.05 2413 2413 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 48.40 0.10 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 48.40 0.10 344 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 48.40 0.10 635 1340 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 48.40 0.10 2413 2470 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 48.50 0.50 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 48.50 0.50 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 48.50 0.50 1340 1340 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 48.50 0.50 2470 2470 // Formant 3
note 167 1 101 0 48.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 168 1 119 0 48.00 0.90 // RMS1
note 169 1 121 0 48.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 170 1 122 0 48.40 0.50 0.1 0 1200 75 33 // Nose1
note 171 1 199 0 48.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// be
ramp 1 2 49.00 1.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 49.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 49.00 1.00 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 49.00 1.00 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 49.00 1.00 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 172 1 101 0 49.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 173 1 119 0 49.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 174 1 121 0 49.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 175 1 199 0 49.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// a
ramp 1 2 50.00 1.00 220 220 // A4
ramp 1 1 50.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 50.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 50.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 50.00 1.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 176 1 101 0 50.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 177 1 119 0 50.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 178 1 121 0 50.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 179 1 199 0 50.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// sty-
ramp 1 2 51.00 1.98 293.7 293.7 // D4
ramp 1 2 52.98 0.02 293.7 246.9 // D4-B3
ramp 1 1 51.00 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 51.00 0.30 800 800 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 51.00 0.30 1228 1228 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 51.00 0.30 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 51.30 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 51.30 0.30 800 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 51.30 0.30 1228 2208 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 51.30 0.30 2500 3079 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 51.60 1.25 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 51.60 1.25 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 51.60 1.25 2208 2208 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 51.60 1.25 3079 3079 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 52.85 0.15 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 52.85 0.15 277 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 52.85 0.15 2208 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 52.85 0.15 3079 2500 // Formant 3
note 180 2 202 0 51.00 0.30 0.03125 0.03 // Noise2 Sust
note 181 2 219 0 51.00 0.30 // RMS2
note 182 2 226 0 51.00 0.30 3000 1000 // BandReject2
note 183 2 226 0 51.00 0.30 3000 1000 // BandReject2
note 184 2 224 0 51.00 0.30 4200 300 // BandPassBW2
note 185 2 226 0 51.00 0.30 5700 400 // BandReject2
note 186 2 221 0 51.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 187 2 221 0 51.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 188 2 227 0 51.00 0.30 10500 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 3.981 3.981 0 0 0 0 0.000000001 0.000000001 1.259 0.708 // LinearEqualizer2
note 189 2 299 0 51.00 0.30 // Rebalance2
note 190 1 101 0 51.00 2.00 1 0.2 // Buzz1
// -lish
ramp 1 2 53.00 1.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 53.00 0.20 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 53.00 0.20 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 53.00 0.20 750 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 53.00 0.20 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 53.20 0.20 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 53.20 0.20 450 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 53.20 0.20 750 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 53.20 0.20 2500 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 53.40 0.60 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 53.40 0.60 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 53.40 0.60 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 53.40 0.60 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 191 1 101 190 53.00 2.50 1 0 // Buzz1
note 192 1 119 0 51.00 2.60 0.1 // RMS1
note 193 1 121 0 51.00 2.60 // Mouth1
note 194 1 199 0 51.00 2.60 // Rebalance1
note 195 2 202 0 53.50 0.30 0.03125 0.03 // Noise2 Sust
note 196 2 219 0 53.50 0.30 // RMS2
note 197 2 226 0 53.50 0.30 1000 500 // BandReject2
note 198 2 224 0 53.50 0.30 3000 2000 // BandPassBW2
note 199 2 226 0 53.50 0.30 4300 500 // BandReject2
note 200 2 225 0 53.50 0.30 6500 1500 // BandPassFLT2
note 201 2 221 0 53.50 0.30 6000 // LowPass
note 202 2 221 0 53.50 0.30 6000 // LowPass
note 203 2 227 0 53.50 0.30 8000 0 0 0 0 10 5.623 3.162 1.778 1 0.468 0.219 0.1 0.0468 0.0219 0.01 0 // LinearEqualizer2
note 204 2 299 0 53.50 0.30 // Rebalance2

// mar-
ramp 1 2 54.00 0.98 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 2 54.98 0.02 220 196 // A3-G3
ramp 1 1 54.00 0.20 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 54.00 0.20 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 54.00 0.20 1270 1270 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 54.00 0.20 2130 2130 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 54.20 0.10 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 54.20 0.10 450 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 54.20 0.10 1270 2065 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 54.20 0.10 2130 2570 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 54.30 0.60 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 54.30 0.60 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 54.30 0.60 2065 2065 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 54.30 0.60 2570 2570 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 54.90 0.10 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 54.90 0.10 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 54.90 0.10 2065 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 54.90 0.10 2570 1800 // Formant 3
note 205 1 101 0 54.00 1.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -riage
ramp 1 2 55.00 4.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 55.00 0.10 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 55.00 0.10 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 55.00 0.10 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 55.00 0.10 1800 1800 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 55.10 0.10 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 55.10 0.10 414 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 55.10 0.10 1516 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 55.10 0.10 1800 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 55.20 0.90 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 55.20 0.90 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 55.20 0.90 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 55.20 0.90 2660 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 56.10 0.05 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 56.10 0.05 344 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 56.10 0.05 2170 2000 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 56.10 0.05 2660 3079 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 56.15 0.85 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 56.15 0.85 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 56.15 0.85 2000 2000 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 56.15 0.85 3079 3079 // Formant 3
note 206 1 101 205 55.00 1.00 1 0 // Buzz1
note 207 1 119 0 54.00 2.10 // RMS1
note 208 1 121 0 54.00 2.10 // Mouth1
note 209 1 122 0 54.00 0.30 0 0.1 450 25 458 // Nose1
note 210 1 199 0 54.00 2.10 // Rebalance1
note 211 2 202 0 56.00 0.30 0.03125 0.03 // Noise2 Sust
note 212 2 201 0 56.00 0.30 0.21875 0.03 // Buzz2
note 213 2 219 0 56.00 0.30 // RMS2
note 214 2 226 0 56.00 0.30 1000 500 // BandReject2
note 215 2 224 0 56.00 0.30 3000 2000 // BandPassBW2
note 216 2 226 0 56.00 0.30 4300 500 // BandReject2
note 217 2 225 0 56.00 0.30 6500 1500 // BandPassFLT2
note 218 2 221 0 56.00 0.30 6000 // LowPass
note 219 2 221 0 56.00 0.30 6000 // LowPass
note 220 2 227 0 56.00 0.30 8000 0 0 0 0 10 5.623 3.162 1.778 1 0.468 0.219 0.1 0.0468 0.0219 0.01 0 // LinearEqualizer2
note 221 2 299 0 56.00 0.30 // Rebalance2

// (rest)
ramp 1 1 57.00 2.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 57.00 2.00 344 800 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 57.00 2.00 2170 1228 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 57.00 2.00 2660 2500 // Formant 3

// I
ramp 1 2 59.00 1.00 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 1 59.00 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 59.00 0.30 800 800 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 59.00 0.30 1228 1228 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 59.00 0.30 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 59.30 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 59.30 0.30 800 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 59.30 0.30 1228 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 59.30 0.30 2500 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 59.60 0.40 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 59.60 0.40 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 59.60 0.40 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 59.60 0.40 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 222 1 101 0 59.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 223 1 119 0 59.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 224 1 121 0 59.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 225 1 199 0 59.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// can't
ramp 1 2 60.00 2.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 60.00 0.40 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 60.00 0.40 648 648 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 60.00 0.40 1712 1712 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 60.00 0.40 2490 2490 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 60.40 0.10 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 60.40 0.10 648 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 60.40 0.10 1712 1340 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 60.40 0.10 2490 2470 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 60.50 1.50 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 60.50 1.50 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 60.50 1.50 1340 1340 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 60.50 1.50 2470 2470 // Formant 3
note 226 1 101 0 60.00 1.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 227 1 119 0 60.00 1.90 // RMS1
note 228 1 121 0 60.00 1.90 // Mouth1
note 229 1 122 0 60.40 1.50 0.1 0 450 25 458 // Nose1
note 230 1 199 0 60.00 1.90 // Rebalance1

// af-
ramp 1 2 62.00 1.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 62.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 62.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 62.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 62.00 1.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 231 1 101 0 62.00 1.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -ford
ramp 1 2 63.00 2.00 164.8 164.8 // E3
ramp 1 1 63.00 0.85 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 63.00 0.85 565 565 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 63.00 0.85 915 915 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 63.00 0.85 2373 2373 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 63.85 0.15 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 63.85 0.15 565 565 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 63.85 0.15 915 915 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 63.85 0.15 2373 1800 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 64.00 1.00 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 64.00 1.00 565 565 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 64.00 1.00 915 915 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 64.00 1.00 1800 1800 // Formant 3
note 232 2 202 0 63.00 0.30 0.0078125 0.03 // Noise2 Sust
note 233 2 219 0 63.00 0.30 // RMS2
note 234 2 226 0 63.00 0.30 4400 1100 // BandReject2
note 235 2 221 0 63.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 236 2 221 0 63.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 237 2 227 0 63.00 0.30 10500 0.794 1.259 1.585 1.585 0 0 0 0.251 0.282 0.224 0.447 0.631 0.631 0.631 0.631 0.1 // LinearEqualizer2
note 238 2 299 0 63.00 0.30 // Rebalance2
note 239 1 101 0 63.00 1.90 1 0.2 // Buzz1
note 240 1 119 0 62.00 2.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 241 1 121 0 62.00 2.90 // Mouth1
note 242 1 199 0 62.00 2.90 // Rebalance1

// a
ramp 1 2 65.00 1.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 65.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 65.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 65.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 65.00 1.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 243 1 101 0 65.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 244 1 119 0 65.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 245 1 121 0 65.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 246 1 199 0 65.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// car-
ramp 1 2 66.00 0.98 164.8 164.8 // E3
ramp 1 2 66.98 0.02 164.8 146.8 // E3-D3
ramp 1 1 66.00 0.90 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 66.00 0.90 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 66.00 0.90 2065 2065 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 66.00 0.90 2570 2570 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 66.90 0.10 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 66.90 0.10 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 66.90 0.10 2065 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 66.90 0.10 2570 1800 // Formant 3
note 247 1 101 0 66.00 1.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -riage.
ramp 1 2 67.00 4.00 146.8 146.8 // D3
ramp 1 1 67.00 0.10 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 67.00 0.10 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 67.00 0.10 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 67.00 0.10 1800 1800 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 67.10 0.10 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 67.10 0.10 414 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 67.10 0.10 1516 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 67.10 0.10 1800 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 67.20 0.80 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 67.20 0.80 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 67.20 0.80 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 67.20 0.80 2660 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 68.00 0.05 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 68.00 0.05 344 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 68.00 0.05 2170 2000 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 68.00 0.05 2660 3079 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 68.05 0.95 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 68.05 0.95 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 68.05 0.95 2000 2000 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 68.05 0.95 3079 3079 // Formant 3
note 248 1 101 247 67.00 1.10 1 0 // Buzz1
note 249 2 202 0 68.00 0.25 0.03125 0.03 // Noise2 Sust
note 250 2 201 0 68.00 0.25 0.21875 0.03 // Buzz2
note 251 2 219 0 68.00 0.25 // RMS2
note 252 2 226 0 68.00 0.25 1000 500 // BandReject2
note 253 2 224 0 68.00 0.25 3000 2000 // BandPassBW2
note 254 2 226 0 68.00 0.25 4300 500 // BandReject2
note 255 2 225 0 68.00 0.25 6500 1500 // BandPassFLT2
note 256 2 221 0 68.00 0.25 6000 // LowPass
note 257 2 221 0 68.00 0.25 6000 // LowPass
note 258 2 227 0 68.00 0.25 8000 0 0 0 0 10 5.623 3.162 1.778 1 0.468 0.219 0.1 0.0468 0.0219 0.01 0 // LinearEqualizer2
note 259 2 299 0 68.00 0.25 // Rebalance2
note 260 1 119 0 66.00 3.00 0.1 // RMS1
note 261 1 121 0 66.00 3.00 // Mouth1
note 262 1 199 0 66.00 3.00 // Rebalance1

// (rest)
ramp 1 1 69.00 2.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 69.00 2.00 344 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 69.00 2.00 2170 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 69.00 2.00 2660 2500 // Formant 3

// But
ramp 1 2 71.00 1.00 146.8 146.8 // D3
ramp 1 1 71.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 71.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 71.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 71.00 1.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 263 1 101 0 71.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 264 1 119 0 71.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 265 1 121 0 71.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 266 1 199 0 71.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// you'll
ramp 1 2 72.00 2.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 72.00 0.05 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 72.00 0.05 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 72.00 0.05 2000 2000 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 72.00 0.05 3079 3079 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 72.05 0.15 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 72.05 0.15 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 72.05 0.15 2000 553 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 72.05 0.15 3079 2420 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 72.20 0.15 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 72.20 0.15 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 72.20 0.15 553 553 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 72.20 0.15 2420 2420 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 72.35 0.15 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 72.35 0.15 277 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 72.35 0.15 553 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 72.35 0.15 2420 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 72.50 1.50 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 72.50 1.50 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 72.50 1.50 750 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 72.50 1.50 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 267 1 101 0 72.00 1.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 268 1 119 0 72.00 1.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 269 1 121 0 72.00 1.90 // Mouth1
note 270 1 199 0 72.00 1.90 // Rebalance1

// look
ramp 1 2 74.00 1.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 74.00 0.10 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 74.00 0.10 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 74.00 0.10 750 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 74.00 0.10 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 74.10 0.10 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 74.10 0.10 450 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 74.10 0.10 750 635 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 74.10 0.10 2500 2413 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 74.20 0.80 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 74.20 0.80 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 74.20 0.80 635 635 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 74.20 0.80 2413 2413 // Formant 3
note 271 1 101 0 74.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 272 1 119 0 74.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 273 1 121 0 74.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 274 1 199 0 74.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// sweet
ramp 1 2 75.00 2.00 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 1 75.00 0.20 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 75.00 0.20 290 290 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 75.00 0.20 610 610 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 75.00 0.20 2150 2150 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 75.20 0.15 1900 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 75.20 0.15 290 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 75.20 0.15 610 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 75.20 0.15 2150 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 75.35 1.65 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 75.35 1.65 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 75.35 1.65 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 75.35 1.65 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 275 2 202 0 75.00 0.30 0.03125 0.03 // Noise2 Sust
note 276 2 219 0 75.00 0.30 // RMS2
note 277 2 226 0 75.00 0.30 3000 1000 // BandReject2
note 278 2 226 0 75.00 0.30 3000 1000 // BandReject2
note 279 2 224 0 75.00 0.30 4200 300 // BandPassBW2
note 280 2 226 0 75.00 0.30 5700 400 // BandReject2
note 281 2 221 0 75.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 282 2 221 0 75.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 283 2 227 0 75.00 0.30 10500 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 3.981 3.981 0 0 0 0 0.000000001 0.000000001 1.259 0.708 // LinearEqualizer2
note 284 2 299 0 75.00 0.30 // Rebalance2
note 285 1 101 0 75.00 1.90 1 0.2 // Buzz1
note 286 1 119 0 75.00 1.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 287 1 121 0 75.00 1.90 // Mouth1
note 288 1 199 0 75.00 1.90 // Rebalance1

// u-
ramp 1 2 77.00 0.98 146.8 146.8 // D3
ramp 1 2 77.98 0.02 146.8 196 // D3-G3
ramp 1 1 77.00 0.90 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 77.00 0.90 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 77.00 0.90 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 77.00 0.90 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 77.90 0.10 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 77.90 0.10 414 565 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 77.90 0.10 1516 915 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 77.90 0.10 2500 2373 // Formant 3
note 289 1 101 0 77.00 1.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -pon
ramp 1 2 78.00 2.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 78.00 0.40 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 78.00 0.40 565 565 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 78.00 0.40 915 915 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 78.00 0.40 2373 2373 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 78.40 0.10 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 78.40 0.10 565 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 78.40 0.10 915 1340 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 78.40 0.10 2373 2470 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 78.50 1.50 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 78.50 1.50 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 78.50 1.50 1340 1340 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 78.50 1.50 2470 2470 // Formant 3
note 290 1 101 289 78.00 1.90 1 0 // Buzz1
note 291 1 119 0 77.00 2.90 // RMS1
note 292 1 121 0 77.00 2.90 // Mouth1
note 293 1 122 0 78.40 1.50 0.1 0 1200 75 33 // Nose1
note 294 1 199 0 77.00 2.90 // Rebalance1

// the
ramp 1 2 80.00 1.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 80.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 80.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 80.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 80.00 1.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 295 2 201 0 80.00 0.30 0.125 0.03 // Buzz2
note 296 2 219 0 80.00 0.30 // RMS2
note 297 2 226 0 80.00 0.30 3000 3000 // BandReject2
note 298 2 221 0 80.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 299 2 221 0 80.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 300 2 227 0 80.00 0.30 10500 3.09 3.548 4.677 3.388 3.467 3.02 1 10.96 10.96 10.72 10.72 9.12 8.511 6.761 6.31 1 // LinearEqualizer2
note 301 2 299 0 80.00 0.30 // Rebalance2
note 302 1 101 0 80.10 0.80 1 0.1 // Buzz1
note 303 1 119 0 80.00 0.80 0.1 // RMS1
note 304 1 121 0 80.00 0.80 // Mouth1
note 305 1 199 0 80.00 0.80 // Rebalance1

// seat
ramp 1 2 81.00 1.00 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 1 81.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 81.00 1.00 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 81.00 1.00 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 81.00 1.00 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 306 2 202 0 81.00 0.30 0.03125 0.03 // Noise2 Sust
note 307 2 219 0 81.00 0.30 // RMS2
note 308 2 226 0 81.00 0.30 3000 1000 // BandReject2
note 309 2 226 0 81.00 0.30 3000 1000 // BandReject2
note 310 2 224 0 81.00 0.30 4200 300 // BandPassBW2
note 311 2 226 0 81.00 0.30 5700 400 // BandReject2
note 312 2 221 0 81.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 313 2 221 0 81.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 314 2 227 0 81.00 0.30 10500 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 3.981 3.981 0 0 0 0 0.000000001 0.000000001 1.259 0.708 // LinearEqualizer2
note 315 2 299 0 81.00 0.30 // Rebalance2
note 316 1 101 0 81.00 0.90 1 0.1 // Buzz1
note 317 1 119 0 81.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 318 1 121 0 81.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 319 1 199 0 81.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// of
ramp 1 2 82.00 1.00 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 1 82.00 0.45 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 82.00 0.45 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 82.00 0.45 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 82.00 0.45 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 82.45 0.05 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 82.45 0.05 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 82.45 0.05 1516 721 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 82.45 0.05 2500 2406 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 82.50 0.50 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 82.50 0.50 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 82.50 0.50 721 721 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 82.50 0.50 2406 2406 // Formant 3
note 320 1 101 0 82.00 0.60 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 321 1 119 0 82.00 0.60 0.1 // RMS1
note 322 1 121 0 82.00 0.60 // Mouth1
note 323 1 199 0 82.00 0.60 // Rebalance1
note 324 2 202 0 82.50 0.30 0.0078125 0.03 // Noise2 Sust
note 325 2 201 0 82.50 0.30 0.1015625 0.03 // Buzz2
note 326 2 219 0 82.50 0.30 // RMS2
note 327 2 226 0 82.50 0.30 4400 1100 // BandReject2
note 328 2 221 0 82.50 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 329 2 221 0 82.50 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 330 2 227 0 82.50 0.30 10500 0.794 1.259 1.585 1.585 0 0 0 0.251 0.282 0.224 0.447 0.631 0.631 0.631 0.631 0.1 // LinearEqualizer2
note 331 2 299 0 82.50 0.30 // Rebalance2

// a
ramp 1 2 83.00 1.00 261.6 261.6 // C4
ramp 1 1 83.00 1.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 83.00 1.00 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 83.00 1.00 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 83.00 1.00 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 332 1 101 0 83.00 0.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 333 1 119 0 83.00 0.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 334 1 121 0 83.00 0.90 // Mouth1
note 335 1 199 0 83.00 0.90 // Rebalance1

// bi-
ramp 1 2 84.00 0.98 293.7 293.7 // D4
ramp 1 2 84.98 0.02 293.7 246.9 // D4-B3
ramp 1 1 84.00 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 84.00 0.30 800 800 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 84.00 0.30 1228 1228 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 84.00 0.30 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 84.30 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 84.30 0.30 800 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 84.30 0.30 1228 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 84.30 0.30 2500 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 84.60 0.40 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 84.60 0.40 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 84.60 0.40 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 84.60 0.40 2660 2660 // Formant 3
note 336 1 101 0 84.00 1.10 1 0.03 // Buzz1
// -cy-
ramp 1 2 85.00 0.98 246.9 246.9 // B3
ramp 1 2 85.98 0.02 246.9 196 // B3-G3
ramp 1 1 85.00 0.95 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 85.00 0.95 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 85.00 0.95 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 85.00 0.95 2660 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 85.95 0.05 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 85.95 0.05 344 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 85.95 0.05 2170 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 85.95 0.05 2660 2500 // Formant 3
note 337 2 202 0 85.00 0.30 0.03125 0.03 // Noise2 Sust
note 338 2 219 0 85.00 0.30 // RMS2
note 339 2 226 0 85.00 0.30 3000 1000 // BandReject2
note 340 2 226 0 85.00 0.30 3000 1000 // BandReject2
note 341 2 224 0 85.00 0.30 4200 300 // BandPassBW2
note 342 2 226 0 85.00 0.30 5700 400 // BandReject2
note 343 2 221 0 85.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 344 2 221 0 85.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 345 2 227 0 85.00 0.30 10500 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 3.981 3.981 0 0 0 0 0.000000001 0.000000001 1.259 0.708 // LinearEqualizer2
note 346 2 299 0 85.00 0.30 // Rebalance2
note 347 1 101 0 85.00 1.00 1 0.2 // Buzz1
// -cle
ramp 1 2 86.00 1.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 86.00 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 86.00 0.30 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 86.00 0.30 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 86.00 0.30 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 86.30 0.15 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 86.30 0.15 414 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 86.30 0.15 1516 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 86.30 0.15 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 86.45 0.55 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 86.45 0.55 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 86.45 0.55 750 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 86.45 0.55 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 348 1 101 347 86.00 0.90 1 0 // Buzz1
note 349 1 119 0 84.00 2.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 350 1 121 0 84.00 2.90 // Mouth1
note 351 1 199 0 84.00 2.90 // Rebalance1

// built
ramp 1 2 87.00 2.00 220 220 // A3
ramp 1 1 87.00 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 87.00 0.30 344 344 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 87.00 0.30 2170 2170 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 87.00 0.30 2660 2660 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 87.30 0.15 6000 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 87.30 0.15 344 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 87.30 0.15 2170 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 87.30 0.15 2660 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 87.45 1.55 1900 1900 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 87.45 1.55 450 450 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 87.45 1.55 750 750 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 87.45 1.55 2500 2500 // Formant 3
note 352 1 101 0 87.00 1.90 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 353 1 119 0 87.00 1.90 0.1 // RMS1
note 354 1 121 0 87.00 1.90 // Mouth1
note 355 1 199 0 87.00 1.90 // Rebalance1

// for
ramp 1 2 89.00 1.00 146.8 146.8 // D3
ramp 1 1 89.00 0.20 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 89.00 0.20 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 89.00 0.20 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 89.00 0.20 2500 2500 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 89.20 0.30 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 89.20 0.30 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 89.20 0.30 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 89.20 0.30 2500 1800 // Formant 3
ramp 1 1 89.50 0.50 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 89.50 0.50 414 414 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 89.50 0.50 1516 1516 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 89.50 0.50 1800 1800 // Formant 3
note 356 2 202 0 89.00 0.30 0.0078125 0.03 // Noise2 Sust
note 357 2 219 0 89.00 0.30 // RMS2
note 358 2 226 0 89.00 0.30 4400 1100 // BandReject2
note 359 2 221 0 89.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 360 2 221 0 89.00 0.30 11000 // LowPass
note 361 2 227 0 89.00 0.30 10500 0.794 1.259 1.585 1.585 0 0 0 0.251 0.282 0.224 0.447 0.631 0.631 0.631 0.631 0.1 // LinearEqualizer2
note 362 2 299 0 89.00 0.30 // Rebalance2
note 363 1 101 0 89.10 0.80 1 0.1 // Buzz1
note 364 1 119 0 89.00 0.80 0.1 // RMS1
note 365 1 121 0 89.00 0.80 // Mouth1
note 366 1 199 0 89.00 0.80 // Rebalance1

// two
ramp 1 2 90.00 6.00 196 196 // G3
ramp 1 1 90.00 6.00 6000 6000 // Amplitude
ramp 1 3 90.00 6.00 277 277 // Formant 1
ramp 1 4 90.00 6.00 553 553 // Formant 2
ramp 1 5 90.00 6.00 2420 2420 // Formant 3
note 367 1 101 0 90.00 3.00 1 0.03 // Buzz1
note 368 1 119 0 90.00 3.00 0.1 // RMS1
note 369 1 121 0 90.00 3.00 // Mouth1
note 370 1 199 0 90.00 3.00 // Rebalance1

end 96.0

Listing 7: Note-list body for “Daisy Bell”, Iteration 5. Fricative consonants are highlighted in magenta. To hear a realization, click here.

“Daisy Bell” Iteration #5

Listing 7 presents the fifth-iteration synthesis of “Daisy Bell”. New indications for fricative consonants are color-coded in magenta. The addition of many new note stacks, for the most part employing voice #2, once again forces a resequencing of note ID's.

The h sound happens only once in “Daisy Bell”, and that one occurance is with the word “half”, 27 seconds into the rendition. The aspiration of the æ vowel is produced by note #77, whose wide-band noise output from Instrument #102: Whisper1 processes through Instrument #121: Mouth1 in note #80. Notice that the aspiration source initially speaks by itself; the entrance of pulse-wave sound from Instrument #101: Buzz1 (note #78) holds off for 100 msec., then ramps up gradually over 200 msec. While Whisper1 ramps up, Whisper1 sustains full amplitude for 150 msec. then ramps down to zero over 50 msec. The instrument stacks for voice #1 and voice #2 in SpeechOrch.xml are designed to accomodate such overlap.

The note stacks for unvoiced fricatives process unpitched noise from Instrument #202: Noise2 Sust through the phoneme-specific filter banks worked out in Synthesizing Noise Sounds. Here are examples of note stacks synthesizing unvoiced fricatives. Pay attention to parameter #7 of the notes invoking Instrument #202. This parameter provides the amplitude scale factor, which controls the amplitude of the fricative relative to Contour #1: Amplitude. For sibilant fricatives such as s and &int, the scale factor is 0.03125 (1/32) or -15 dB. For non-sibilant fricatives such as f and θ, the scale factor is 0.0078125 (1/128) or -21 dB.

Notes 53-62 at time 17.00 synthesize the s sound introducing syllable 2 of the word “answer”.
Notes 82-88 at time 29.00 synthesize the f sound concluding the word “half”.
Notes 195-204 at time 53.50 synthesize the ∫ sound concluding the word “stylish”.

The note stacks for voiced fricatives process pulse waves from Instrument #201: Buzz2 (sometimes combined with Noise2 Sust) through the same filter banks used by their unvoiced counterparts. Here are examples of note stacks synthesizing voiced fricatives:

Notes 2-12 at time 3.00 synthesize the z sound introducing syllable 2 of the word “daisy”. The filter bank is the same as that used for s. The amplitude scale factor for Buzz2 is 0.015625 (1/64) or -18 dB. I chose not to include a Noise2 Sust source for z.
Notes 35-42 at time 12.50 synthesize the v sound concluding the word “give”. The filter bank is the same as that used for f. The amplitude scale factor for Buzz2 is 0.1015625 (13/128) or -10 dB. The amplitude scale factor for Noise2 Sust is 0.0078125 (1/128) or -21 dB.
Notes 124-130 at time 38.00 synthesize the ð sound introducing the word “the”. The results are less than satisfactory. The filter bank is the same as that developed for θ under Synthesizing Noise Sounds. The amplitude scale factor for Buzz2 is 0.125 (1/8) or -9 dB. I chose not to include a Noise2 Sust source for ð (possibly a mistake).
Notes 211-221 at time 56.00 synthesize the ʒ sound concluding the word “marriage”. The results are again less than satisfactory. The filter bank is the same as that used for ∫. The amplitude scale factor for Buzz2 is 0.21875 (7/32) or -7 dB. The amplitude scale factor for Noise2 Sust is 0.03125 (1/32) or -15 dB.

Finally, a point about continuity. If you examine spectrograms of human fricative utterances, for example in those provided by Mannell, the unvoiced and voice portions of the utterances are clearly distinguished. This suggests that fricative sounds should be spliced into pitched sounds with little or no overlap, yet when I tried doing that the result sounded glitchy. The fricative sounds in Listing 6 are therefore not spliced in, but rather overlapped with ongoing voiced sounds. The second syllable of the word “Daisy” at time 3.0, for example, drops the slur employed in previous iterations in favor of the voiced consonant z. Instead, the coding implements the following scheme of overlap:

The envelope of the first syllable completes its release phase, ramping down over 0.05 seconds (specified directly in argument #2 of the envelope unit for Instrument #101: Buzz1) from full volume to silence at time 3.0.
The z consonant and the i vowel start simultaneously at time 3.0.
However, the z consonant ramps up quickly (0.03 seconds, specified as in parameter #8 of note #2) to full volume, holds that volume for 0.22 seconds (parameter #6 of note #2 is 0.3 seconds; subtracting an attack duration of 0.03 and a release duration of 0.05 gives 0.22), and ramps back down to silence over 0.05 seconds (specified directly in argument #2 of the envelope unit for Instrument #102: Whisper1).
By contrast, the i vowel ramps up gradually (0.2 seconds, specified as parameter #8 of note #12), reaching full volume just before the z sound (note #2) begins its release. Now, I could instead have held back the start time for i for a tenth of a second, then ramped the vowel up more quickly. Actually, I tried that first and the results sounded glitchy.

My articulation policy for Iteration #5 has been to overlap fricatives with surrounding vowels, glides, liquids, and nasals so long as both phonemes occur in the same word.

Next topic: Plosives

Page created: 2014-02-20

Last updated: 2017-06-12

Speech Synthesis:Fricative Consonants